Falanqaynta iyo Hagaajinta Qaabaynta Ka-hortagga Dabka ee Dahaadhka PVC

Falanqaynta iyo Hagaajinta Qaabaynta Ka-hortagga Dabka ee Dahaadhka PVC

Macmiilku wuxuu sameeyaa teendhooyinka PVC wuxuuna u baahan yahay inuu mariyo dahaadh dab-celiya. Qaacidada hadda jirta waxay ka kooban tahay 60 qaybood oo ah resin PVC ah, 40 qaybood oo TOTM ah, 30 qaybood oo ah hypophosphite aluminium ah (oo leh 40% fosfooraska), 10 qaybood oo MCA ah, 8 qaybood oo zinc borate ah, iyo sidoo kale kala firdhiyeyaal. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxqabadka dab-celiyayaashu waa mid liita, kala firdhinta dab-celiyayaashuna sidoo kale kuma filna. Hoos waxaa ku qoran falanqayn ku saabsan sababaha iyo hagaajinta la soo jeediyay ee qaacidada.

I. Sababaha Muhiimka ah ee Dib-u-dhaca Ololka oo Liita

1. Nidaamka Ka-hortagga Ololka oo aan dheeli tirnayn oo leh Saamayn Isku-dhafan oo Daciif ah

• Aluminium hypophosphite xad-dhaaf ah (30 qaybood):
  In kasta oo aluminium hypophosphite uu yahay mid wax ku ool ah oo ku salaysan fosfooraska oo dab celiya (40% fosfooraska), ku darista xad dhaafka ah (> 25 qaybood) waxay horseedi kartaa:
• Koror xooggan oo ku yimid daxalka nidaamka, taasoo adkeyneysa kala firdhinta iyo sameynta meelo isku dhafan oo dardargeliya gubashada ("saamaynta daxalka").
• Adkaanta walxaha oo yaraatay iyo sifooyinka sameynta filimada oo yaraatay oo ay ugu wacan tahay buuxinta xad-dhaafka ah ee aan dabiiciga ahayn.
• MCA-ga oo sarreeya (10 qaybood):
  MCA (ku salaysan nitrogen) waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa sidii isku-dubarid. Marka qiyaasta ay ka badato 5 qaybood, waxay u janjeertaa inay u wareegto dusha sare, taasoo buuxinaysa waxtarka ka hortagga dabka waxayna suurtogal tahay inay farageliso waxyaabaha kale ee ka hortagga dabka.
• La'aanta dadka muhiimka ah ee isku xidha:
  In kasta oo zinc borate uu leeyahay saameyn xakamaynta qiiqa, haddana maqnaanshaha isku-dhafka ku salaysan antimony (tusaale ahaan, antimony trioxide) ama birta oksaydhka (tusaale ahaan, aluminium hydroxide) waxay ka hortagtaa sameynta nidaam isku-dhafan oo "fosforus-nitrogen-antimony", taasoo keenta dib-u-dhac ku filan oo dabka marxaladda gaaska ah.

2. Isku-dheelitir la'aanta u dhaxaysa Xulashada Balaastikada iyo Hadafyada Dib-u-celinta Ololka

• TOTM (trioctyl trimelitate) wuxuu leeyahay dib u dhac olol oo xaddidan:
  TOTM waxay ku fiican tahay iska caabbinta kulaylka laakiin aad bay uga waxtar yar tahay iska caabbinta dabka marka loo eego fosfate esters (tusaale ahaan, TOTP). Isticmaalka sare ee ka hortagga dabka sida dahaarka teendhada, TOTM ma bixin karto awoodo ku filan oo dab-shid iyo caqabad oksijiin ah.
• Balaastig-sameeyaha guud oo aan ku filnayn (40 qaybood oo keliya):
  Resin-ka PVC wuxuu caadi ahaan u baahan yahay 60-75 qaybood oo ah plasticizer si uu u buuxiyo balaastikada. Waxyaabaha ku jira balaastikada oo hooseeya waxay keenaan daxal dhalaal badan, taasoo sii xumeynaysa dhibaatooyinka kala firdhinta dabka.

3. Nidaamka Kala-fidinta aan waxtarka lahayn oo horseedaya Qaybinta aan sinnayn ee ka-hortagga ololka

• Kala firdhiyaha hadda jira wuxuu noqon karaa nooc guud ahaan loogu talagalay (tusaale ahaan, stearic acid ama PE wax), kaas oo aan waxtar u lahayn wax-ka-qabashada ololka aan dabiiciga ahayn ee culeyska badan leh (aluminium hypophosphite + zinc borate oo wadartoodu tahay 48 qaybood), taasoo keenta:
• Isu-ururinta walxaha dab-damiska, abuurista dhibco daciif ah oo ku yaal dahaarka.
• Socod dhalaalid oo liita inta lagu jiro farsamaynta, taasoo keenta kulayl xiiran oo kiciya burburka degdega ah.

4. Iswaafajin Liidata oo u Dhaxeysa Dab-damiyayaasha iyo PVC-yada

• Maaddooyinka aan dabiiciga ahayn sida aluminium hypophosphite iyo zinc borate waxay leeyihiin kala duwanaansho weyn oo ku saabsan polarity-ga PVC. Iyada oo aan wax laga beddelin dusha sare (tusaale ahaan, wakiilada isku xidhka silane), kala-soocidda wejiga ayaa dhacda, taasoo yaraynaysa waxtarka dab-celinta.

II. Habka Naqshadeynta Aasaasiga ah

1. Ku beddel balaastikada aasaasiga ah TOTP

• Ka faa'iidayso dib-u-celinta ololka gudaha ee aadka u fiican (fosfooraska ≈9%) iyo saamaynta balaastikada.

2. Hagaaji Saamiyada iyo Isku-dhafka Ololka

• Ku hay aluminium hypophosphite inay tahay isha fosfooraska ee asaasiga ah laakiin si weyn u yareeya qiyaasta si loo wanaajiyo kala firdhinta loona yareeyo "saamaynta wick".
• Hayso zinc borate oo ah isku-dubarid muhiim ah (kor u qaadida dab-shidka iyo xakamaynta qiiqa).
• Hayso MCA sidii qof isku-xidha nitrogen laakiin yaree qiyaasta si looga hortago socdaalka.
• Soo bandhigAluminium hydroxide oo aad u fiican (ATH)sida qayb badan oo shaqeyneysa:
• Daahfurka ololka:Qallafsanaanta Endothermic (fuuq-baxa), qaboojinta, iyo milmida gaasaska guban kara.
• Xakamaynta qiiqa:Si weyn ayay u yareysaa soo saarista qiiqa.
• Buuxiye:Waxay hoos u dhigtaa kharashyada (marka la barbar dhigo kuwa kale ee joojiya ololka).
• Kala firdhinta iyo socodka oo la hagaajiyay (heerka ultrafine):Way fududahay in la kala firdhiyo marka loo eego ATH-ka caadiga ah, taasoo yaraynaysa kororka viscosity-ga.

3. Xalalka Adag ee Arrimaha Kala-fidsan

• Si weyn u kordhi heerka balaastikada:Hubi in si buuxda loo balaastigeeyo PVC-ga oo la yareeyo daxalka nidaamka.
• Isticmaal firfircooni firfircoon oo leh firfircooni sare leh:Si gaar ah loogu talagalay budada aan organic-ga ahayn ee culayska badan leh, si fudud loo isku ururiyey (aluminium hypophosphite, ATH).
• Hagaajinta habaynta (kahor isku darka waa muhiim):Hubi in si fiican loo qoyo oo loo kala firdhiyo walxaha dabka celiya.

4. Hubi Xasiloonida Habaynta Aasaasiga ah

• Ku dar dareere ku filan oo kuleyliya iyo saliidaha ku habboon.

III. Qaacidda PVC-ga ee dib loo eegay ee ololka joojisa

IV. Qoraallada Qaacidda iyo Qodobbada Muhiimka ah

1. TOTP waa Aasaaska Aasaasiga ah

• 65–75 qayboodwaxay hubineysaa:
• Balaastikayn buuxda: PVC waxay u baahan tahay balaastikayn ku filan si loo sameeyo filim jilicsan oo joogto ah.
• Yaraynta nuugista: Muhiim u ah hagaajinta kala firdhinta walxaha dab-damiska aan dabiiciga ahayn ee culayska badan leh.
• Dabacsanaanta ololka gudaha: TOTP lafteedu waa balaastiig aad waxtar u leh oo ka hortaga ololka.

2. Isku-dhafka Dabaysha Ololka

• Iskaashiga PNB-Al:Aluminium hypophosphite (P) + MCA (N) waxay bixiyaan isku-xidhka PN ee salka ah. Zinc borate (B, Zn) waxay xoojisaa xakamaynta dabka iyo qiiqa. Ultrafine ATH (Al) waxay bixisaa qaboojin endothermic ah oo weyn iyo xakamaynta qiiqa. TOTP sidoo kale waxay ku dartaa fosfooraska. Tani waxay abuurtaa nidaam isku-xidhan oo walxo badan leh.
• Doorka ATH:25–35 qaybood oo ka mid ah ATH-ka ultrafine ayaa qayb weyn ka qaata dib-u-dhaca ololka iyo xakamaynta qiiqa. Burburka endothermic-kiisa ayaa nuugaya kulaylka, halka uumiga biyaha ee la sii daayo uu khafiifiyo oksijiinta iyo gaasaska guban kara.ATH-ka aadka u fiican iyo kan dusha sare lagu daweeyay waa muhiimsi loo yareeyo saameynta viscosity-ga loona hagaajiyo iswaafajinta PVC.
• Aluminium hypophosphite oo la dhimay:Hoos u dhac laga bilaabo 30 ilaa 15-20 qaybood si loo yareeyo culayska nidaamka iyadoo la ilaalinayo ka qayb qaadashada fosfooraska.
• MCA-ga oo la dhimay:Hoos u dhac laga sameeyay 10 ilaa 4–6 qaybood si looga hortago socdaalka.

3. Xalka Kala-fidinta - Muhiim u ah Guusha

• Super-firdhiye (3-4 qaybood):Muhiim u ah maaraynta culayska sare (50-70 qaybood wadarta buuxinta aan dabiiciga ahayn!), nidaamka adag in la kala firdhiyo (aluminium hypophosphite + ultrafine ATH + zinc borate).Kala firdhiyeyaasha caadiga ah (tusaale ahaan, kalsiyum stearate, wax PE ah) kuma filna!Maalgeli daawooyinka firfircoon ee waxtarka sare leh oo isticmaal xaddi ku filan.
• Waxyaabaha ku jira balaastikada (65–75 qaybood):Sida kor ku xusan, waxay yareysaa daxalka guud, taasoo abuureysa jawi wanaagsan oo lagu kala firdhiyo.
• Saliidaha (1-2 qaybood):Isku-darka saliidaha gudaha/dibadda waxay hubinayaan socod wanaagsan inta lagu jiro isku-darka iyo dahaarka, taasoo ka hortagaysa inay dhegto.

4. Habaynta - Habraaca Isku-darka Hore ee Adag

• Tallaabada 1 (Budo aan dabiici ahayn oo isku dhafan oo qalalan):
• Ku dar aluminium hypophosphite, ultrafine ATH, zinc borate, MCA, iyo dhammaan walxaha aadka u kala firdhisan mashiinka isku-darka xawaaraha sare leh.
• Ku qas heerkul ah 80–90°C muddo 8–10 daqiiqo ah. Hadaf: Hubi in si weyn u kala firdhisan uu si buuxda u daboolo walax kasta, isagoo jebinaya walxaha.Waqtiga iyo heerkulku waa muhiim!
• Tallaabada 2 (Samaynta slurry):
• Ku dar inta badan TOTP (tusaale ahaan, 70–80%), dhammaan dejiyeyaasha kulaylka, iyo saliidaha gudaha isku darka laga bilaabo Tallaabada 1.
• Ku qas heerkul ah 90–100°C 5–7 daqiiqo si aad u sameyso isku-darka dabka oo aan olol lahayn. Hubi in budooyinka ay si buuxda u qoyso kuwa balaastikada sameeya.
• Tallaabada 3 (Ku dar PVC iyo qaybaha harsan):
• Ku dar resin PVC ah, TOTP-ga haray, saliidaha dibadda (iyo antioxidants/xakameeyayaasha UV, haddii lagu daro marxaladdan).
• Ku qas heerkul ah 100–110°C 7–10 daqiiqo ilaa aad ka gaarto "barta qalalan" (oo aan lahayn jajabyo).Iska ilaali inaad isku qasto xad-dhaaf si aad uga hortagto burburka PVC.
• Qaboojinta:Daadi oo qabooji isku darka ilaa <50°C si looga hortago inuu isku ururo.

5. Habaynta Xigta

• Isticmaal isku darka qalalan ee qabow si aad u sameyso kala-soocid ama dahaadh.
• Si adag u xakamee heerkulka habaynta (heerkulka dhalaalka ee lagu taliyay ≤170–175°C) si looga fogaado cilladda xasilinta ama burburka degdega ah ee aaladaha dab-damiska (tusaale ahaan, ATH).

V. Natiijooyinka la filayo iyo Taxaddarrada

• Daahfurka ololka:Marka la barbardhigo qaacidada asalka ah (TOTM + hypophosphite aluminium sare/MCA), qaacidadan dib loo eegay (TOTP + saamiga P/N/B/Al ee la hagaajiyay) waa inay si weyn u horumarisaa dib u dhigista ololka, gaar ahaan waxqabadka gubashada toosan iyo xakamaynta qiiqa. Heerarka bartilmaameedka sida CPAI-84 ee teendhooyinka. Tijaabooyinka muhiimka ah: ASTM D6413 (gubashada toosan).
• Kala-fidinta:Kala firdhiye aad u sarreeya + balaastig sare + isku-darka hore ee la hagaajiyay waa inuu si weyn u wanaajiyaa kala firdhinta, yareeyaa isku-darka iyo hagaajinta isku-dhafka dahaarka.
• Hawl-socodsiin:TOTP iyo saliidaha ku filan waa inay hubiyaan in si habsami leh loo farsameeyo, laakiin la socdaan dheqsiga iyo dhegdhegista inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka dhabta ah.
• Qiimaha:TOTP iyo super-dispersants waa qaali, laakiin aluminium hypophosphite iyo MCA oo la dhimay ayaa kharashaadka qaar dhimaya. ATH waa mid kharash yar.

Xusuusin Muhiim ah:

• Tijaabooyin yaryar marka hore!Tijaabi shaybaarka oo hagaaji iyadoo lagu saleynayo agabka dhabta ah (gaar ahaan ATH iyo waxqabadka aadka u kala firdhisan) iyo qalabka.
• Xulashada agabka:
• ATH:Waa inaad isticmaashaa ultrafine (D50 ≤2µm), oo dusha sare lagu daweeyay (tusaale ahaan, silane). La tasho alaab-qeybiyeyaasha si aad u hesho talooyin ku habboon PVC-ga.
• Waxyaabaha firfircoon ee firfircoon:Waa in la isticmaalaa noocyo tayo sare leh. U sheeg alaab-qeybiyeyaasha codsiga (PVC, buuxinta aan dabiiciga ahayn ee culeyska badan leh, dib u dhigista ololka aan halogen lahayn).
• WAQTIGA:Hubi tayo sare.
• Tijaabada:Samee tijaabooyin adag oo ku saabsan dib-u-celinta dabka iyadoo loo eegayo heerarka bartilmaameedka. Sidoo kale qiimee iska caabbinta gabowga/biyaha (muhiim u ah teendhooyinka bannaanka!). Xasiliyayaal UV iyo antioxidants ayaa lagama maarmaan ah.

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